Gunpowder: Use of Gunpowder led to the invention of the cannon
Silk: Silk changed the clothing in the Middle Ages
Spectacles: Spectacles were a major medical advancement in the Middle Ages
Clock: The invention of the clock provided a closer structure to daily life
Hour glass: The Hour-glass was a timekeeping instrument invented in the Middle Ages
Paper: Paper was introduced in the 1200's
Numbering System: The roman numerals were replaced by the Arabs numbering system in the Middle Ages
Minute Glass: Minute-glass was another timekeeping instrument invented in the Middle Ages
Printing Press: the printing press was invented in the mid 1400's
Sun dial: The Sun-dial was another timekeeping instrument invented in the Middle Ages
Compass: The compass enabled Renaissance sailors and explorers to find their bearing in the fog
Traverse Boards: Traverse boards were navigation instruments, an older version of the Astrolabe
Astrolabes: Middle Ages invention of the astrolabe was used for used for astronomical purposes and calculating latitudes
Cross-staffs: Cross-staffs were used to measure the angle of the Sun or a star above the horizon
Nocturnals: Nocturnals were inventions used for measuring and timekeeping instrument
Quadrants: Quadrants were used for measuring and timekeeping instrument
Almanacs: Almanacs forecast precisely where the the sun, moon, planets and selected navigational stars, are going to be, hour by hour, for years into the future
Oars : The use of oars made the galley ships redundant allowing movement into the open seas
The Rudder: Rudder enabled use of Wind and Water Power
Artesian wells: The invention of Artesian wells eliminated the need for pumping
Mills : Mills were built to pump water, grind grain, and crush ore
Windmills: The invention of the windmill harnessed wind power
Wheelbarrow : The invention of the wheelbarrow allowed faster movement of heavy loads
Horseshoes
Horsecollar The invention of the horsecollar increased farming efficiency in the Middle Ages
Moldboard Plough: The invention of the Moldboard turning plough increased farming efficiency in the Middle Ages
Stirrups
Stirrups gave the rider greater control and give him greater leverage when swinging his sword or thrusting his lance
The Bit and Bridle : The Bit and Bridle was used for controlling the massive destrier warhorses
The high-backed saddle : The high-backed saddle gave Medieval knights great leverage
Siege weapons: Siege weapon inventions were brought from the crusades to Europe and changed Medieval warfare
The Lance: The Lance was long, strong, spear-like weapon, designed for use for knights on horseback
The Longbow: The invention of the longbow enable skilled English longbowman could release between 10 - 12 arrows per minute
The Crossbow: The Middle Ages invention of the crossbow applied engineering to the short bow
The Flail: The invention of the Flail was used as armor-fighting weapons
Chainmail: Chainmail armor was further developed in the Middle Ages providing protection against being cut by the opponents blade
Armor: A Medieval knights armor was invented and developed to protect them from the lethal weapons used in the Middle Ages